A Short Biography of Martin Luther, Part 1
Many biographies of Luther have been published over the last five centuries. I continue to use Martin Brecht's three-volume biography that was written in the 1980s and that is available in English translation, even for free online borrowing at the Internet Archive.
An interesting biographic topic is Luther's connection to "what came before"--a time typically known as the "Middle Ages" today--and how / when he became a "Lutheran." Put differently, a key question here is how Luther was shaped by theology as it was practiced prior around 1500. Evidently, part and parcel of this discussion is what made Luther--and what it means to be--a "Lutheran."
Some scholars have seen a major rupture between Luther and what came before, essentially painting Luther as an individualist, a harbinger of modern times and even the Enlightenment. This account often places weight on Luther's "tower experience" of discovering the gospel. Others have seen him more in the context of--and in continuity with--the various movements that were afoot around 1500, including the late-medieval Augustinian reform movement and mysticism.
A short introduction into these discussions is provided in Christine Helmer's book, How Luther Became the Reformer. What I like about Helmer's book is that she ties her account of 20th century Luther studies to the major political events of that century in Germany, i.e., the rise and rule of National Socialism and the role leading Luther scholars played in these events.
This will be a recurrent theme of my posts on this site: Bad theology often makes for bad political decisions. But even good theology does not prevent practical misjudgments when coupled with, or overwhelmed by, propaganda or, as we call it these days, fake news. 1920s and 1930s Germany often provides strikingly sad examples.
All that said by way of introduction, my point here is not to add another biography. I just want to give readers a short summary of events that seem particularly significant for Luther's major doctrinal and practical insights as they pertain to church and state and how those insights may be helpful for those of us who still look to Luther's biblical theology for theological and practical guidance.